When printing this page, you must include the entire legal notice. All rights reserved. This material may not be published, reproduced, broadcast, rewritten, or redistributed without permission. Use of this site constitutes acceptance of our terms and conditions of fair use. The equivalent resource for the older APA 6 style can be found here. This resource, revised according to the 7 th edition APA Publication Manual, provides fundamental guidelines for constructing the reference pages of research papers.
For more information, please consult the Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association , 7 th ed. This page gives basic guidelines for formatting the reference list at the end of a standard APA research paper.
Most sources follow fairly straightforward rules. However, because sources obtained from academic journals carry special weight in research writing, these sources are subject to special rules. Thus, this page presents basic guidelines for citing academic journals separate from its "ordinary" basic guidelines. This distinction is made clear below. Note: Because the information on this page pertains to virtually all citations, we've highlighted one important difference between APA 6 and APA 7 with an underlined note written in red.
Your reference list should appear at the end of your paper. Incorrect: NIMH. When numerous layers of government agencies are listed as the author of a work, use the most specific agency as the author in the reference e. The names of parent agencies not present in the group author name appear in the source element as the publisher.
The date will take one of the following forms: year only; year, month, and day i. Enclose the date of publication in parentheses, followed by a period. For unpublished, informally published, or in-progress works, provide the year the work was produced.
If a work is an advance online publication, use the year of the advance online publication in the reference. When a retrieval date is needed, use the following format for it. Titles fall into two broad categories: works that stand alone e.
Format of the title Follow these guidelines to format the title element. For works that are part of a greater whole e. Do not italicize the title or use quotation marks around it. Happy fish in little ponds: Testing a reference group model of achievement and emotion. For works that stand alone e. Becoming brilliant: What science tells us about raising successful children. For book and report references, enclose edition information, report numbers, and volume numbers in parentheses after the title.
Do not add a period between the title and the parenthetical information. Do not italicize the parenthetical information. If both edition and volume information are included, separate these elements with a comma, placing the edition number first.
The psychology of music 3rd ed. Nursing: A concept-based approach to learning 2nd ed. If a numbered volume has its own title, the volume number and title are included as part of the main title, rather than in parentheses. Finish the title element with a period. However, if the title ends with a question mark or exclamation point, that punctuation mark replaces the period. Late-onset unexplained epilepsy: What are we missing? Bracketed descriptions To help identify works outside the peer-reviewed academic literature i.
Comprehensive meta-analysis Version 3. The source for a work that is part of a greater whole e. The source for a work that stands alone e. A location is not required in the source element for most works e. Works associated with a specific location e. Format of the source The format of the source varies depending on the reference type.
Database information in the source Database and archive information is seldom needed in reference list entries.
Last updated: December Date created: September National Institute of Mental Health. ADM Government Printing Office. Hennigan, W. FAA grounds entire fleet of Boeing s; Flights are canceled as a range of electrical and power problems continue to plague the Dreamliner Jets. Los Angeles Times. Brigham, C. Argo [Motion picture]. United States: Time Warner.
Kemper, C. The whale [Television series episode]. Daniels Executive producer , The Office. National Broadcasting Company. Caird, J. On my own. Universal Republic Records. National Eating Disorders Association [n. Contributing factors and prevention. Germano, W.
National Geographic [ NatGeo]. Department of the Interior. Ramirez, a witness for the prosecution, told me that she had seen the defendant approaching the stop sign personal communication, February 1, University Academic Support Centers. Search this unit Start search Submit Search.
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